The Ten Commandments in Devarim

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1. The Ten Dibrot

   Prof. Jonathan Grossman

   What are the differences between the Ten Commandments in Yitro and the Ten Commandments in Va'ethanan? This lesson focuses on the differences in the mitzva of Shabbat, while noting the dual nature of Shabbat as a commemoration of the creation and a commemoration of the Exodus.

2. Differences between the First and Second appearances of the "Ten Commandments"

   Dr. Mordechai Sabato

   The main component of Sefer Devarim is the "commandments speech," which begins in chapter 5 and concludes at the end of chapter 26. At the outset, Moshe repeats the Ten Commandments. This shiur reviews the differences between the Ten Commandments as recorded in Sefer Shemot and as recorded in Sefer Devarim, and explores their significance.

3. "'Zakhor' And 'Shamor' Were Uttered As One Word"

   Rabbi Dr. Yoel Bin Nun

   Shabbat in the Ten Commandments in Shmot is linked to the Creation, but elsewhere in Shmot Shabbat is linked to the Exodus from Egypt. Shabbat in the Ten Commandments in Devarim is linked to the Exodus, and introduces new innovations. The central innovation is the presentation of the Exodus as the absolute source for the commandment of Shabbat.

4. The Oral Law and the Two Versions of Ten Commandments

   Rabbi Yitzchak Blau

   What is the relationship between the Ten Commandments in Shmot and the Ten Commandments in Devarim? Were both delivered at Sinai? Were both written in the Luhot HaBrit? The Ten Commandments in Devarim might represent Moshe’s interpretation - a human perspective, or Torah She’Be’al Peh regarding the Ten Commandments in Shmot.

5. The Ten Dibrot (audio)

   Prof. Jonathan Grossman | 13 minutes

   This shiur compares the Ten Commandments as they appear in Devarim with their form in Sefer Shemot. Most significantly, there appears to be an entirely different explanation for the commandment of Shabbat. Is Moshe in his "repetition" deviating from the original commandments from the Revelation at Sinai? Why is he quoting from parashat Mishpatim instead of from parashat Yitro? What is the purpose of the disparity between Shemot and Devarim?

6. Study Questions on the Ten Commandments

   On Shavuot we commemorate Matan Torah and our receiving of the Ten Commandments. While most of us have a general idea as to the composition of this famous Decalogue, Tikun Leil Shavuot is a great opportunity to explore, in a little more depth, what each of these commandments entails. Are there really ten? How might the commandments be divided? Are there any discrepancies between the listing of the commandments in Shmot vs. in Dvarim? Below are some guiding questions to help you get started. For more in-depth study, please see these articles on the topic of the Ten Commandments. 

7. Give me Addiction or Give me Death

   Rabbi Ben-Tzion Spitz

8. Remembrance of the Revelation at Mount Sinai in Moshe's Speech

   Rabbi Dr. Tamir Granot

   According to Moshe's speech in Parshat Va'etchanan, the primary significance of Ma'amad Har Sinai is God's direct revelation to Israel. However, the description of Ma'amad Har Sinai in Sefer Shemot focuses on Israel's belief in Moshe as a true prophet. By closely examining the two instances of revelation, one can see that the purpose of the speech in Devarim was to establish the faith for all generations even when individuals and the community as a whole do not experience a revelation as had occurred during the exodus from Egypt or at Mount Sinai. From here it follows that faith in the book of Devarim rests on the foundations of prophecy, memory, and story, and not on unmediated experience.

9. Remembering Shabbat- Commentary and Halacha

   Dr. Baruch Alster | Hour and 4 minutes

   The mitzva of Shabbat is portrayed in both the ten commandments listed in sefer Shemot and in sefer Devarim- with a slight difference in wording. The medieval commentaries attempt to resolve this difference through a variety of explanations which shape their opinions of the very nature and essence of Shabbat. Through a discussion of these various opinions we learn about the proper method of interpreting not only the mitzva of Shabbat but also the rest of the Torah itself. 

10. R. Avraham ibn Ezra

    Part 2

    Dr. Avigail Rock

    Ibn Ezra describes his commentary as “the book of the straight,” - a reference to following the way of peshat. Ibn Ezra explains the work as a commentary based on the fundamentals of grammar, language, and stylistic sensitivity and conforming to the requirements of logic and reason.

    Ibn Ezra declares that he is not obligated to previous commentaries, referring both to Midrashic sources and the commentaries of his predecessors.  However, in his commentaries to the halakhic part of the Torah, Ibn Ezra sees himself as bound to the Sages’ exegesis.

    Similarly, Ibn Ezra distinguishes between two types of Midrashic sources: tradition and speculation.  The Ibn Ezra feels compelled to accept a tradition but not an interpretation that they concocted of their own accord.

     

    Ibn Ezra formulates a consistent set of linguistic and grammatical rules in his commentary:

    • The formulation of rules which are adequate for all circumstances. For example he explains the word "Na" as always meaning "now".
    • The meaninglessness of trivial changes; the verse uses synonyms frequently, and there need be no justification for interchanging them. Similarly, there is no reason necessary for variations in spelling. This is applied to differences between the Ten Commandments in Shemot vs. Devarim.
    • The verse will often use a word to refer to multiple items, even though it appears in the text only once.
    • The Torah is written generally according to chronological sequence. Despite this, sometimes there are some divergences from chronological sequence.
    • The juxtaposition of the passages in the halakhic sections of the Torah is significant, not a capricious sequence of laws.

11. The Ten Commandments: Twelve Prohibitions

    Rabbi Dr. Yoel Bin Nun

    How many prohibitions are there in the Ten Commandments? Most people mistakenly believe that there are seven prohibitions. We explore the idea that there are six prohibitions in the first and second tablets, making up twelve. We explore the significance of the "six" and "twelve" numerical structures here and elsewhere in the Torah, and examine the differences between the first and second Tablets.